Alone Together: Some Reflections on Talking to ChatGPT, Listening to Music, and Private Language
Open Review until 2026-05-08
Keywords:
ChatGPT, music, listener experience, private language, trust, conversationAbstract
This article relies on the author’s experience of talking to ChatGPT about music. These discussions are often unsatisfactory. This observation does not aim to discredit the conversational skills of current advanced LLMs. Instead, the example of an elusive listener experience serves as an object of comparison, showing that conversations among human partners often feature borderline-private content (in the sense of Wittgenstein’s private language arguments). Among humans, these gaps in meaning are bridged through structures of trust, reaching out to each other and various other “leaps of faith”; with ChatGPT, the private-language quality is exposed, as our conversations with chatbots do not rely on the underlying ground of trust and the chatbot cannot help us. This is a reflection on our (current) concepts, though, not a claim about the mindedness of present or future chatbots or predictions of what they will be able to do and when.
References
Abdel-Rahman, L. 2024. “The Forms of Artificially Intelligent Life: Brandom, Chomsky and Wittgenstein on the Possibility of Strong-AI”. In B. Ball, A. C. Helliwell, and A. Rossi, eds., Wittgenstein and Artificial Intelligence, Volume I: Mind and Language, London: Anthem Press, 105–121.
Adorno, T. W. 1976. Introduction to the Sociology of Music. Translated by E. B. Ashton. New York: The Seabury Press.
Alkaissi, H., and S. I. McFarlane. 2023. “Artificial Hallucinations in ChatGPT: Implications in Scientific Writing”. Cureus 15 (2), e35179, https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.35179.
Baker, G. P., and P. M. S. Hacker. 1984. Scepticism, Rules and Language. Oxford: Blackwell.
Beran, O. 2012. Soukromé jazyky. Praha: Filosofia.
Beran, O. 2018. “An Attitude Towards an Artificial Soul? Responses to the ‘Nazi Chatbot’”. Philosophical Investigations 41, 42–69.
Beran, O. 2022. “Conversational Machinations”. In: S. Aldrin Salskov, O. Beran, and N. Hämäläinen, eds., Ethical Inquiries after Wittgenstein, Cham: Springer, 2022, 255–272.
Candlish, S. 2019. “Private Language”. In: E. Zalta (ed.), Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/private-language/
Chomsky, N., I. Roberts, and J. Watumull. 2023. “The False Promise of ChatGPT”. The New York Times, March 8. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/08/opinion/noam-chomsky-chatgpt-ai.html.
Cockburn, D. 2014. “Trust in Conversation”. Nordic Wittgenstein Review 3 (1), 47–67.
Coeckelbergh, M. 2024. Why AI Undermines Democracy and What To Do About It. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Coeckelbergh, M, and D. J. Gunkel. 2024. “ChatGPT: Deconstructing the Debate and Moving It Forward”. AI & Society 39, 2221–2231.
Crawford, K. 2021. Atlas of AI. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Danziger, S. 2022. “Intelligence as a Social Concept: A Socio-Technological Interpretation of the Turing Test”. Philosophy & Technology 35 (3), article 68, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13347-022-00561-z.
Evans, M. 1990. Listening to Music. Basingstoke: The Macmillan Press.
Floridi, L. 2023. “AI as Agency Without Intelligence: On ChatGPT, Large Language Models, and Other Generative Models”. Philosophy & Technology 36 (1), article 15, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13347-023-00621-y.
Gadamer, H.-G. 1975. Truth and Method. Translated by Joel Weinsheimer and Donald G. Marshall. London: Continuum.
Gert, B. 1986. “Wittgenstein’s Private Language Arguments”. Synthese 68, 409–439.
Ground, I. 2024. “Black Boxes, Beetles and Beasts”. In B. Ball, A. C. Helliwell, and A. Rossi, eds., Wittgenstein and Artificial Intelligence, Volume I: Mind and Language, London: Anthem Press, 123–144.
Gubelmann, R. 2023. “A Loosely Wittgensteinian Conception of the Linguistic Understanding of Large Language Models like BERT, GPT-3, and ChatGPT”. Grazer Philosophische Studien 99, 485–523.
Hanna, R. 2023. “How and Why ChatGPT Failed The Turing Test”. Unpublished manuscript, accessed July 13, 2023, https://www.academia.edu/94870578/How_and_Why_ChatGPT_Failed_The_Turing_Test_January_2023_version_.
Hartenberger, L. 2023. “What AI Teaches Us About Good Writing”. Noēma, July 25, https://www.noemamag.com/what-ai-teaches-us-about-good-writing/
Hertzberg, L. 2020. “Can Robots Learn to Talk?” In S. Wuppuluri and N. da Costa, eds., Wittgensteinian (adj.), Cham: Springer, 409–422.
James, W. 1985. The Varieties of Religious Experience. New York: Penguin Books.
Jin H., and Wang S. 2025. “Why Not Replace People With Machines? Exploring Artificial Intelligence’s (In)Capacity for Education as Subjectification”. Journal of Philosophy of Education, to appear, https://doi.org/10.1093/jopedu/qhaf087
King, M. R., and ChatGPT. 2023. “A Conversation on Artificial Intelligence, Chatbots, and Plagiarism in Higher Education”. Cellular and Molecular Bioengineering 16, 1–2.
Lagerspetz, O. 2015. Trust, Ethics and Human Reason. London and New York: Bloomsbury Academic.
Li, Z. 2023. “The Dark Side of ChatGPT: Legal and Ethical Challenges from Stochastic Parrots and Hallucination”. Arxiv.org, https://arxiv.org/abs/2304.14347.
McGee, R. 2023a “Political Philosophy and ChatGPT”. Unpublished working paper, accessed July 13, 2023, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/369526036_Political_Philosophy_and_ChatGPT.
McGee, R. 2023b. “What Are the Top 20 Questions in Political Philosophy? A ChatGPT Reply”. Unpublished working paper, accessed July 13, 2023, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/369972525_What_Are_the_Top_20_Questions_in_Political_Philosophy_A_ChatGPT_Reply.
Munz, V. 2024. “Discussions of a Private Language: Wittgenstein and Rhees”. JoLMA 5, 233–296.
Parviainen, J., and M. Coeckelbergh. 2021. “The Political Choreography of the Sophia Robot: Beyond Robot Rights and Citizenship to Political Performances for the Social Robotics Market”. AI & Society 36, 715–724.
Pelland, J.-C., Trächtler, J., and H. Love. 2024. “Practice Makes Human: Why We Can’t Understand Black-Box Artificial Intelligence”. In B. Ball, A. C. Helliwell, and A. Rossi, eds., Wittgenstein and Artificial Intelligence, Volume II: Values and Governance, London: Anthem Press, 183–202.
Peters, M. A., L. Jackson, M. Papastephanou, P. Jandrić, G. Lazaroiu, C. W. Evers, B. Cope, M. Kalantzis, D. Araya, M. Tesar, C. Mika, L. Chen, C. Wang, S. Sturm, S. Rider, and S. Fuller. 2024. “AI and the Future of Humanity: ChatGPT-4, Philosophy and Education – Critical Responses”. Educational Philosophy and Theory 56 (9): 828–62.
Rhees, R. 1954. “Can There Be a Private Language?” Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, Supplementary Volume 28, 77–94.
Rhees, R. 1969. “Art and Philosophy”. In: Without Answers, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 133–154.
Rhees, R. 2006. Wittgenstein and the Possibility of Discourse. Oxford: Blackwell.
Ross, C. 2013. “Spectacle, Ecstasy, and Music Festivals: The Spiritual Longing of the Lost Generation”. Liturgy 28, 42–50.
Samarin, W. 1972. Tongues of Men and Angels. New York: Macmillan Press.
Standish, P. 2026. “Rather More on AI From the Point of View of Ordinary Language Philosophy”. Philosophical Investigations 49, 3–24.
Sterling, B. 2024. “Preliminary Notes on the Delvish Dialect”. Medium, July 7, accessed July 15, 2024, https://bruces.medium.com/preliminary-notes-on-the-delvish-dialect-by-bruce-sterling-ce68a476247b
Sussman, H. 1995. “Maxima Moralia: Millennial Fragments on the Public and Private Dimensions of Language”. MLN 110, 856–887.
Tlili, A., B. Shehata, M. Agyemang Adarkwah, A. Bozkurt, D. T. Hickey, R. Huang, and B. Agyemang. 2023. “What if the Devil Is My Guardian Angel: ChatGPT as a Case Study of Using Chatbots in Education”. Smart Learning Environments 10, article 15, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40561-023-00237-x.
Vallor, S. 2024. The AI Mirror. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Williams, S. 2025. “Understanding Grieving for a Chatbot Using Two Concepts From Wittgenstein”. Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences, to appear. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11097-025-10100-8.
Wolcott, R. H. 1970. “Schizophrenese: A Private Language”. Journal of Health and Social Behavior 11, 126–134.
Zazzo, R. 2009. Les jumeaux, le couple et la personne. Paris: PUF.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Ondřej Beran

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
NWR uses the Creative Commons license CC-BY.
Vol. 1-3 used CC-BY-NC-SA. The collected works copyright ownership for Vol. 1-2 were shared by Nordic Wittgenstein Society and ontos Verlag/De Gruyter.


